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Hepatitis E

The infectious agent of ' hepatitis E, HEV virus was provisionally classified in the family Caliciviridae. L ' Hepatitis E is an acute self-limiting and often jaundiced, assai simile all’ Epatite A . Caratteristica principale di questa infezione è l’alta frequenza di forme cliniche fulminanti (1-12% ) ed una particolare severità del decorso nelle donne in gravidanza, specialmente nel terzo trimestre di gravidanza, con mortalità che arriva fino al 40%. La malattia non cronicizza mai.

COME SI TRASMETTE: Come per l’ Epatite A , la trasmissione avviene per via oro-fecale, e l’acqua contaminata da feci è il veicolo principale dell’infezione. Il periodo di incubazione va da 15 a 64 giorni.
E’ presente in tutto il mondo: epidemie e casi sporadici sono stati recorded mainly in geographic areas with inadequate levels of hygiene and health. So you have been identified epidemics in India, Burma, Iran, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Algeria, Libya, Somalia, Indonesia, Mexico, China, Pakistan, Central Asian Republics and the former USSR. In industrialized countries, however, most cases involve people returning from travel to countries at risk.

PREVENTION: Regarding prevention, it was suggested that administration of gamma globulin, especially in pregnant women, but their effectiveness has yet to be demonstrated. Studies are underway to set up the a vaccine.

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Hepatitis E Hepatitis D (Delta)

Hepatitis Delta (D)

The infectious agent of ' Hepatitis Delta is known as HDV is classified among the so-called satellites or viruses that require subvirion presence of another virus to be able to replicate. The virus 'Hepatitis D to infect liver cells, in particular, requires the assistance of the virus' Hepatitis B, then the infection also occurs in patients affected by HBV.
Delta hepatitis infection can occur in two ways: la prima é l'infezione simultanea da virus B e D. In questo caso si verifica un epatite clinicamente simile all’ Epatite B . La seconda é la sovrainfezione di virus D in un portatore cronico di HBV. Si verifica a questo punto una nuova epatite acuta a volte fatale. Studi recenti hanno dimostrato che, in Europa e in Usa, il 25-50% dei casi di Epatite fulminante che si pensavano associati al virus dell’ Epatite B , erano invece causati da HDV.
In entrambi i casi l’infezione può diventare cronica e in questo caso ha generalmente un decorso più severo rispetto a quella da virus B.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION: mode of transmission is the same as' Hepatitis B and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 8 weeks.
were identified three genotypes of HDV. The genotype is the most common, genotype II was detected in Japan and Taiwan, while genotype III is present only in the Amazon.
D virus infection is widespread throughout the world, and it is estimated that about 10 million people with hepatitis D virus and its support, the EBV.

PREVENTION: As regards preventive measures, that is prophylaxis for EBV / HBV: the vaccine against 'Hepatitis B will be able to protect even against' Hepatitis D .

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Hepatitis C

The infectious agent, the virus (HCV Hepacavirus) is part of the family Flaviviridae. We identified six different genotypes and more than 90 sub-types. It is not yet clear whether there are differences in the clinical course of disease for different genotypes, but there are differences in the response of various genotypes to antiviral therapies.
acute HCV infection is very often asintomatica ed anitterica (in oltre i 2/3 dei casi ).

SINTOMI: I sintomi, quando presenti, sono caratterizzati da dolori muscolari, nausea , vomito, febbre, dolori addominali ed ittero. Un decorso fulminante fatale si osserva assai raramente (0,1%). L’infezione acuta diventa cronica in una elevatissima percentuale dei casi, stimata fino all’85%. Il 20-30 % dei pazienti con Epatite cronica C sviluppa nell’arco di 10-20 anni una cirrosi e l’epatocarcinoma può evolvere da una persistente cirrosi da HCV in circa l’1-4% dei pazienti per anno.
La distribuzione del virus è universale. L’infezione affects about 3% of world population. Individuals infected with HCV are 3.5000000 to 5,000,000 and about 4 million in the U.S.. In our country the proportion of infected individuals ranging from 3 to 12% of the general population with a gradient that grows in a north-south and with age. A particularly high frequency of infection was found in some African countries such as Cameroon and Egypt. The incubation period ranges from 2 weeks to 6 months, but for the most varied within 6-9 weeks.

HOW TO SEND: transmission occurs primarily via the parenteral apparent and not apparent. Are also been documented cases of infection through sexual contact, but this route seems to be much less efficient than for HBV. The infection can be transmitted vertically from mother to child via in less than 5% of cases. The control of blood donations, using the test for the detection of antibodies to HCV, has significantly reduced the risk of infection after blood transfusion and blood products.

PREVENTION: To date there is no vaccine for the 'Hepatitis C use of non-immunoglobulin was effective. The only really effective measures are represented by the observance of general hygiene the sterilization of instruments used for surgery and beauty treatments, the use of disposable materials and protection of high-risk sexual.

CARE Treatment of hepatitis C has improved considerably over the last ten years. Unlike any other chronic viral infection, a significant proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis C can be treated. However, the current standard of care - pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin - has its limits. The limited effectiveness in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 and the side effect profile, require the development of new therapeutic approaches. New directions in treatment beyond interferon alpha-based therapies are on the horizon.

News probable treatment of hepatitis C